qgsmaprendererjob.cpp

Go to the documentation of this file.

/***************************************************************************
  qgsmaprendererjob.cpp
  --------------------------------------
  Date                 : December 2013
  Copyright            : (C) 2013 by Martin Dobias
  Email                : wonder dot sk at gmail dot com
 ***************************************************************************
 *                                                                         *
 *   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify  *
 *   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by  *
 *   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or     *
 *   (at your option) any later version.                                   *
 *                                                                         *
 ***************************************************************************/
 
#include "qgsmaprendererjob.h"
 
#include <QPainter>
#include <QElapsedTimer>
#include <QTimer>
#include <QtConcurrentMap>
 
#include <QPicture>
 
#include "qgslogger.h"
#include "qgsrendercontext.h"
#include "qgsmaplayer.h"
#include "qgsmaplayerrenderer.h"
#include "qgsmaprenderercache.h"
#include "qgsrasterlayer.h"
#include "qgsmessagelog.h"
#include "qgspallabeling.h"
#include "qgsexception.h"
#include "qgslabelingengine.h"
#include "qgsmaplayerlistutils_p.h"
#include "qgsvectorlayerlabeling.h"
#include "qgsexpressioncontextutils.h"
#include "qgsvectorlayerutils.h"
#include "qgsmaplayertemporalproperties.h"
#include "qgsmaplayerelevationproperties.h"
#include "qgsmaplayerstyle.h"
#include "qgsvectorlayerrenderer.h"
#include "qgsrendereditemresults.h"
#include "qgsgeometrypaintdevice.h"
#include "qgsrasterrenderer.h"
#include "qgselevationmap.h"
#include "qgssettingsentryimpl.h"
#include "qgssettingstree.h"
#include "qgsruntimeprofiler.h"
#include "qgsmeshlayer.h"
#include "qgsmeshlayerlabeling.h"
#include "qgsgeos.h"
 
const QgsSettingsEntryBool *QgsMapRendererJob::settingsLogCanvasRefreshEvent = new QgsSettingsEntryBool( QStringLiteral( "logCanvasRefreshEvent" ), QgsSettingsTree::sTreeMap, false );
const QgsSettingsEntryString *QgsMapRendererJob::settingsMaskBackend = new QgsSettingsEntryString( QStringLiteral( "mask-backend" ), QgsSettingsTree::sTreeMap, QString(), QStringLiteral( "Backend engine to use for selective masking" ) );
 
 
const QString QgsMapRendererJob::LABEL_CACHE_ID = QStringLiteral( "_labels_" );
const QString QgsMapRendererJob::ELEVATION_MAP_CACHE_PREFIX = QStringLiteral( "_elevation_map_" );
const QString QgsMapRendererJob::LABEL_PREVIEW_CACHE_ID = QStringLiteral( "_preview_labels_" );
 
LayerRenderJob &LayerRenderJob::operator=( LayerRenderJob &&other )
{
  mContext = std::move( other.mContext );
 
  img = other.img;
  other.img = nullptr;
 
  renderer = other.renderer;
  other.renderer = nullptr;
 
  previewRenderImage = other.previewRenderImage;
  other.previewRenderImage = nullptr;
 
  imageInitialized = other.imageInitialized;
  previewRenderImageInitialized = other.previewRenderImageInitialized;
 
  blendMode = other.blendMode;
  opacity = other.opacity;
  cached = other.cached;
  layer = other.layer;
  renderAboveLabels = other.renderAboveLabels;
  completed = other.completed;
  renderingTime = other.renderingTime;
  estimatedRenderingTime = other.estimatedRenderingTime ;
  errors = other.errors;
  layerId = other.layerId;
 
  maskPaintDevice = std::move( other.maskPaintDevice );
 
  firstPassJob = other.firstPassJob;
  other.firstPassJob = nullptr;
 
  picture = std::move( other.picture );
 
  maskJobs = other.maskJobs;
 
  maskRequiresLayerRasterization = other.maskRequiresLayerRasterization;
 
  elevationMap = other.elevationMap;
  maskPainter = std::move( other.maskPainter );
 
  return *this;
}
 
LayerRenderJob::LayerRenderJob( LayerRenderJob &&other )
  : imageInitialized( other.imageInitialized )
  , previewRenderImageInitialized( other.previewRenderImageInitialized )
  , blendMode( other.blendMode )
  , opacity( other.opacity )
  , cached( other.cached )
  , renderAboveLabels( other.renderAboveLabels )
  , layer( other.layer )
  , completed( other.completed )
  , renderingTime( other.renderingTime )
  , estimatedRenderingTime( other.estimatedRenderingTime )
  , errors( other.errors )
  , layerId( other.layerId )
  , maskPainter( nullptr ) // should this be other.maskPainter??
  , maskRequiresLayerRasterization( other.maskRequiresLayerRasterization )
  , maskJobs( other.maskJobs )
{
  mContext = std::move( other.mContext );
 
  img = other.img;
  other.img = nullptr;
 
  previewRenderImage = other.previewRenderImage;
  other.previewRenderImage = nullptr;
 
  renderer = other.renderer;
  other.renderer = nullptr;
 
  elevationMap = other.elevationMap;
  other.elevationMap = nullptr;
 
  maskPaintDevice = std::move( other.maskPaintDevice );
 
  firstPassJob = other.firstPassJob;
  other.firstPassJob = nullptr;
 
  picture = std::move( other.picture );
}
 
bool LayerRenderJob::imageCanBeComposed() const
{
  if ( imageInitialized )
  {
    if ( renderer )
    {
      return renderer->isReadyToCompose();
    }
    else
    {
      return true;
    }
  }
  else
  {
    return false;
  }
}
 
QgsMapRendererJob::QgsMapRendererJob( const QgsMapSettings &settings )
  : mSettings( settings )
  , mRenderedItemResults( std::make_unique< QgsRenderedItemResults >( settings.extent() ) )
  , mLabelingEngineFeedback( new QgsLabelingEngineFeedback( this ) )
{}
 
QgsMapRendererJob::~QgsMapRendererJob() = default;
 
void QgsMapRendererJob::start()
{
  if ( mSettings.hasValidSettings() )
    startPrivate();
  else
  {
    mErrors.append( QgsMapRendererJob::Error( QString(), tr( "Invalid map settings" ) ) );
    emit finished();
  }
}
 
QStringList QgsMapRendererJob::layersRedrawnFromCache() const
{
  return mLayersRedrawnFromCache;
}
 
QgsRenderedItemResults *QgsMapRendererJob::takeRenderedItemResults()
{
  return mRenderedItemResults.release();
}
 
QgsMapRendererQImageJob::QgsMapRendererQImageJob( const QgsMapSettings &settings )
  : QgsMapRendererJob( settings )
{
}
 
 
QgsMapRendererJob::Errors QgsMapRendererJob::errors() const
{
  return mErrors;
}
 
void QgsMapRendererJob::setCache( QgsMapRendererCache *cache )
{
  mCache = cache;
}
 
QgsLabelingEngineFeedback *QgsMapRendererJob::labelingEngineFeedback()
{
  return mLabelingEngineFeedback;
}
 
QHash<QgsMapLayer *, int> QgsMapRendererJob::perLayerRenderingTime() const
{
  QHash<QgsMapLayer *, int> result;
  for ( auto it = mPerLayerRenderingTime.constBegin(); it != mPerLayerRenderingTime.constEnd(); ++it )
  {
    if ( auto &&lKey = it.key() )
      result.insert( lKey, it.value() );
  }
  return result;
}
 
void QgsMapRendererJob::setLayerRenderingTimeHints( const QHash<QString, int> &hints )
{
  mLayerRenderingTimeHints = hints;
}
 
const QgsMapSettings &QgsMapRendererJob::mapSettings() const
{
  return mSettings;
}
 
bool QgsMapRendererJob::prepareLabelCache() const
{
  bool canCache = mCache;
 
  // calculate which layers will be labeled
  QSet< QgsMapLayer * > labeledLayers;
  const QList<QgsMapLayer *> layers = mSettings.layers();
  for ( QgsMapLayer *ml : layers )
  {
    if ( QgsPalLabeling::staticWillUseLayer( ml ) )
      labeledLayers << ml;
 
    switch ( ml->type() )
    {
      case Qgis::LayerType::Vector:
      {
        QgsVectorLayer *vl = qobject_cast< QgsVectorLayer *>( ml );
        if ( vl->labelsEnabled() && vl->labeling()->requiresAdvancedEffects() )
        {
          canCache = false;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case Qgis::LayerType::Mesh:
      {
        QgsMeshLayer *l = qobject_cast< QgsMeshLayer *>( ml );
        if ( l->labelsEnabled() && l->labeling()->requiresAdvancedEffects() )
        {
          canCache = false;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case Qgis::LayerType::VectorTile:
      {
        // TODO -- add detection of advanced labeling effects for vector tile layers
        break;
      }
 
      case Qgis::LayerType::Raster:
      case Qgis::LayerType::Annotation:
      case Qgis::LayerType::Plugin:
      case Qgis::LayerType::PointCloud:
      case Qgis::LayerType::Group:
      case Qgis::LayerType::TiledScene:
        break;
    }
 
    if ( !canCache )
      break;
 
  }
 
  if ( mCache && mCache->hasCacheImage( LABEL_CACHE_ID ) )
  {
    // we may need to clear label cache and re-register labeled features - check for that here
 
    // can we reuse the cached label solution?
    const QList< QgsMapLayer * > labelDependentLayers = mCache->dependentLayers( LABEL_CACHE_ID );
    bool canUseCache = canCache && QSet< QgsMapLayer * >( labelDependentLayers.begin(), labelDependentLayers.end() ) == labeledLayers;
    if ( !canUseCache )
    {
      // no - participating layers have changed
      mCache->clearCacheImage( LABEL_CACHE_ID );
    }
  }
  return canCache;
}
 
 
bool QgsMapRendererJob::reprojectToLayerExtent( const QgsMapLayer *ml, const QgsCoordinateTransform &ct, QgsRectangle &extent, QgsRectangle &r2 )
{
  bool res = true;
  // we can safely use ballpark transforms without bothering the user here -- at the likely scale of layer extents there
  // won't be an appreciable difference, and we aren't actually transforming any rendered points here anyway (just the layer extent)
  QgsCoordinateTransform approxTransform = ct;
  approxTransform.setBallparkTransformsAreAppropriate( true );
 
  try
  {
#ifdef QGISDEBUG
    // QgsLogger::debug<QgsRectangle>("Getting extent of canvas in layers CS. Canvas is ", extent, __FILE__, __FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
#endif
    // Split the extent into two if the source CRS is
    // geographic and the extent crosses the split in
    // geographic coordinates (usually +/- 180 degrees,
    // and is assumed to be so here), and draw each
    // extent separately.
    static const double SPLIT_COORD = 180.0;
 
    if ( ml->crs().isGeographic() )
    {
      if ( ml->type() == Qgis::LayerType::Vector && !approxTransform.destinationCrs().isGeographic() )
      {
        // if we transform from a projected coordinate system check
        // check if transforming back roughly returns the input
        // extend - otherwise render the world.
        QgsRectangle extent1 = approxTransform.transformBoundingBox( extent, Qgis::TransformDirection::Reverse );
        QgsRectangle extent2 = approxTransform.transformBoundingBox( extent1, Qgis::TransformDirection::Forward );
 
        QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "\n0:%1 %2x%3\n1:%4\n2:%5 %6x%7 (w:%8 h:%9)" )
                          .arg( extent.toString() ).arg( extent.width() ).arg( extent.height() )
                          .arg( extent1.toString(), extent2.toString() ).arg( extent2.width() ).arg( extent2.height() )
                          .arg( std::fabs( 1.0 - extent2.width() / extent.width() ) )
                          .arg( std::fabs( 1.0 - extent2.height() / extent.height() ) )
                          , 3 );
 
        // can differ by a maximum of up to 20% of height/width
        if ( qgsDoubleNear( extent2.xMinimum(), extent.xMinimum(), extent.width() * 0.2 )
             && qgsDoubleNear( extent2.xMaximum(), extent.xMaximum(), extent.width() * 0.2 )
             && qgsDoubleNear( extent2.yMinimum(), extent.yMinimum(), extent.height() * 0.2 )
             && qgsDoubleNear( extent2.yMaximum(), extent.yMaximum(), extent.height() * 0.2 )
           )
        {
          extent = extent1;
        }
        else
        {
          extent = QgsRectangle( -180.0, -90.0, 180.0, 90.0 );
          res = false;
        }
      }
      else
      {
        // Note: ll = lower left point
        QgsPointXY ll = approxTransform.transform( extent.xMinimum(), extent.yMinimum(),
                        Qgis::TransformDirection::Reverse );
 
        //   and ur = upper right point
        QgsPointXY ur = approxTransform.transform( extent.xMaximum(), extent.yMaximum(),
                        Qgis::TransformDirection::Reverse );
 
        QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "in:%1 (ll:%2 ur:%3)" ).arg( extent.toString(), ll.toString(), ur.toString() ), 4 );
 
        extent = approxTransform.transformBoundingBox( extent, Qgis::TransformDirection::Reverse );
 
        QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "out:%1 (w:%2 h:%3)" ).arg( extent.toString() ).arg( extent.width() ).arg( extent.height() ), 4 );
 
        if ( ll.x() > ur.x() )
        {
          // the coordinates projected in reverse order than what one would expect.
          // we are probably looking at an area that includes longitude of 180 degrees.
          // we need to take into account coordinates from two intervals: (-180,x1) and (x2,180)
          // so let's use (-180,180). This hopefully does not add too much overhead. It is
          // more straightforward than rendering with two separate extents and more consistent
          // for rendering, labeling and caching as everything is rendered just in one go
          extent.setXMinimum( -SPLIT_COORD );
          extent.setXMaximum( SPLIT_COORD );
          res = false;
        }
      }
 
      // TODO: the above rule still does not help if using a projection that covers the whole
      // world. E.g. with EPSG:3857 the longitude spectrum -180 to +180 is mapped to approx.
      // -2e7 to +2e7. Converting extent from -5e7 to +5e7 is transformed as -90 to +90,
      // but in fact the extent should cover the whole world.
    }
    else // can't cross 180
    {
      if ( approxTransform.destinationCrs().isGeographic() &&
           ( extent.xMinimum() <= -180 || extent.xMaximum() >= 180 ||
             extent.yMinimum() <= -90 || extent.yMaximum() >= 90 ) )
        // Use unlimited rectangle because otherwise we may end up transforming wrong coordinates.
        // E.g. longitude -200 to +160 would be understood as +40 to +160 due to periodicity.
        // We could try to clamp coords to (-180,180) for lon resp. (-90,90) for lat,
        // but this seems like a safer choice.
      {
        extent = QgsRectangle( std::numeric_limits<double>::lowest(), std::numeric_limits<double>::lowest(), std::numeric_limits<double>::max(), std::numeric_limits<double>::max() );
        res = false;
      }
      else
        extent = approxTransform.transformBoundingBox( extent, Qgis::TransformDirection::Reverse );
    }
  }
  catch ( QgsCsException & )
  {
    QgsDebugError( QStringLiteral( "Transform error caught" ) );
    extent = QgsRectangle( std::numeric_limits<double>::lowest(), std::numeric_limits<double>::lowest(), std::numeric_limits<double>::max(), std::numeric_limits<double>::max() );
    r2 = QgsRectangle( std::numeric_limits<double>::lowest(), std::numeric_limits<double>::lowest(), std::numeric_limits<double>::max(), std::numeric_limits<double>::max() );
    res = false;
  }
 
  return res;
}
 
QImage *QgsMapRendererJob::allocateImage( QString layerId )
{
  QImage *image = new QImage( mSettings.deviceOutputSize(),
                              mSettings.outputImageFormat() );
  image->setDevicePixelRatio( static_cast<qreal>( mSettings.devicePixelRatio() ) );
  image->setDotsPerMeterX( 1000 * mSettings.outputDpi() / 25.4 );
  image->setDotsPerMeterY( 1000 * mSettings.outputDpi() / 25.4 );
  if ( image->isNull() )
  {
    mErrors.append( Error( layerId, tr( "Insufficient memory for image %1x%2" ).arg( mSettings.outputSize().width() ).arg( mSettings.outputSize().height() ) ) );
    delete image;
    return nullptr;
  }
  return image;
}
 
QgsElevationMap *QgsMapRendererJob::allocateElevationMap( QString layerId )
{
  std::unique_ptr<QgsElevationMap> elevationMap = std::make_unique<QgsElevationMap>( mSettings.deviceOutputSize(), mSettings.devicePixelRatio() );
  if ( !elevationMap->isValid() )
  {
    mErrors.append( Error( layerId, tr( "Insufficient memory for elevation map %1x%2" ).arg( mSettings.outputSize().width() ).arg( mSettings.outputSize().height() ) ) );
    return nullptr;
  }
  return elevationMap.release();
}
 
QPainter *QgsMapRendererJob::allocateImageAndPainter( QString layerId, QImage *&image, const QgsRenderContext *context )
{
  QPainter *painter = nullptr;
  image = allocateImage( layerId );
  if ( image )
  {
    painter = new QPainter( image );
    context->setPainterFlagsUsingContext( painter );
  }
  return painter;
}
 
QgsMapRendererJob::PictureAndPainter QgsMapRendererJob::allocatePictureAndPainter( const QgsRenderContext *context )
{
  std::unique_ptr<QPicture> picture = std::make_unique<QPicture>();
  QPainter *painter = new QPainter( picture.get() );
  context->setPainterFlagsUsingContext( painter );
  return { std::move( picture ), painter };
}
 
std::vector<LayerRenderJob> QgsMapRendererJob::prepareJobs( QPainter *painter, QgsLabelingEngine *labelingEngine2, bool deferredPainterSet )
{
  std::vector< LayerRenderJob > layerJobs;
 
  // render all layers in the stack, starting at the base
  QListIterator<QgsMapLayer *> li( mSettings.layers() );
  li.toBack();
 
  if ( mCache )
  {
    bool cacheValid = mCache->updateParameters( mSettings.visibleExtent(), mSettings.mapToPixel() );
    Q_UNUSED( cacheValid )
    QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "CACHE VALID: %1" ).arg( cacheValid ), 4 );
  }
 
  bool requiresLabelRedraw = !( mCache && mCache->hasCacheImage( LABEL_CACHE_ID ) );
 
  while ( li.hasPrevious() )
  {
    QgsMapLayer *ml = li.previous();
 
    QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "layer %1:  minscale:%2  maxscale:%3  scaledepvis:%4  blendmode:%5 isValid:%6" )
                      .arg( ml->name() )
                      .arg( ml->minimumScale() )
                      .arg( ml->maximumScale() )
                      .arg( ml->hasScaleBasedVisibility() )
                      .arg( ml->blendMode() )
                      .arg( ml->isValid() )
                      , 3 );
 
    if ( !ml->isValid() )
    {
      QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "Invalid Layer skipped" ), 3 );
      continue;
    }
 
    if ( !ml->isInScaleRange( mSettings.scale() ) ) //|| mOverview )
    {
      QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "Layer not rendered because it is not within the defined visibility scale range" ), 3 );
      continue;
    }
 
    if ( mSettings.isTemporal() && ml->temporalProperties() && !ml->temporalProperties()->isVisibleInTemporalRange( mSettings.temporalRange() ) )
    {
      QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "Layer not rendered because it is not visible within the map's time range" ), 3 );
      continue;
    }
 
    if ( !mSettings.zRange().isInfinite() && ml->elevationProperties() && !ml->elevationProperties()->isVisibleInZRange( mSettings.zRange(), ml ) )
    {
      QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "Layer not rendered because it is not visible within the map's z range" ), 3 );
      continue;
    }
 
    QgsRectangle r1 = mSettings.visibleExtent(), r2;
    r1.grow( mSettings.extentBuffer() );
    QgsCoordinateTransform ct;
 
    ct = mSettings.layerTransform( ml );
    bool haveExtentInLayerCrs = true;
    if ( ct.isValid() )
    {
      haveExtentInLayerCrs = reprojectToLayerExtent( ml, ct, r1, r2 );
    }
    QgsDebugMsgLevel( "extent: " + r1.toString(), 3 );
    if ( !r1.isFinite() || !r2.isFinite() )
    {
      mErrors.append( Error( ml->id(), tr( "There was a problem transforming the layer's extent. Layer skipped." ) ) );
      continue;
    }
 
    QgsVectorLayer *vl = qobject_cast<QgsVectorLayer *>( ml );
 
    // Force render of layers that are being edited
    // or if there's a labeling engine that needs the layer to register features
    if ( mCache )
    {
      const bool requiresLabeling = ( labelingEngine2 && QgsPalLabeling::staticWillUseLayer( ml ) ) && requiresLabelRedraw;
      if ( ( vl && vl->isEditable() ) || requiresLabeling )
      {
        mCache->clearCacheImage( ml->id() );
      }
    }
 
    layerJobs.emplace_back( LayerRenderJob() );
    LayerRenderJob &job = layerJobs.back();
    job.layer = ml;
    job.layerId = ml->id();
    job.renderAboveLabels = ml->customProperty( QStringLiteral( "rendering/renderAboveLabels" ) ).toBool();
    job.estimatedRenderingTime = mLayerRenderingTimeHints.value( ml->id(), 0 );
 
    job.setContext( std::make_unique< QgsRenderContext >( QgsRenderContext::fromMapSettings( mSettings ) ) );
    if ( !ml->customProperty( QStringLiteral( "_noset_layer_expression_context" ) ).toBool() )
      job.context()->expressionContext().appendScope( QgsExpressionContextUtils::layerScope( ml ) );
    job.context()->setPainter( painter );
    job.context()->setLabelingEngine( labelingEngine2 );
    job.context()->setLabelSink( labelSink() );
    job.context()->setCoordinateTransform( ct );
    job.context()->setExtent( r1 );
 
    // Also check geographic, see: https://github.com/qgis/QGIS/issues/45200
    if ( !haveExtentInLayerCrs || ( ct.isValid() && ( ct.sourceCrs().isGeographic() != ct.destinationCrs().isGeographic() ) ) )
      job.context()->setFlag( Qgis::RenderContextFlag::ApplyClipAfterReprojection, true );
 
    if ( mFeatureFilterProvider )
      job.context()->setFeatureFilterProvider( mFeatureFilterProvider );
 
    QgsMapLayerStyleOverride styleOverride( ml );
    if ( mSettings.layerStyleOverrides().contains( ml->id() ) )
      styleOverride.setOverrideStyle( mSettings.layerStyleOverrides().value( ml->id() ) );
 
    job.blendMode = ml->blendMode();
 
    if ( ml->type() == Qgis::LayerType::Raster )
    {
      // raster layers are abnormal wrt opacity handling -- opacity is sometimes handled directly within the raster layer renderer
      QgsRasterLayer *rl = qobject_cast< QgsRasterLayer * >( ml );
      if ( rl->renderer()->flags() & Qgis::RasterRendererFlag::InternalLayerOpacityHandling )
      {
        job.opacity = 1.0;
      }
      else
      {
        job.opacity = ml->opacity();
      }
    }
    else
    {
      job.opacity = ml->opacity();
    }
 
    const QgsElevationShadingRenderer shadingRenderer = mSettings.elevationShadingRenderer();
 
    // if we can use the cache, let's do it and avoid rendering!
    const bool canUseCache = !mSettings.testFlag( Qgis::MapSettingsFlag::ForceVectorOutput ) && mCache;
    if ( canUseCache && mCache->hasCacheImage( ml->id() ) )
    {
      job.cached = true;
      job.imageInitialized = true;
      job.img = new QImage( mCache->cacheImage( ml->id() ) );
      if ( shadingRenderer.isActive() &&
           ml->elevationProperties() &&
           ml->elevationProperties()->hasElevation() &&
           mCache->hasCacheImage( ELEVATION_MAP_CACHE_PREFIX + ml->id() ) )
        job.elevationMap = new QgsElevationMap( mCache->cacheImage( ELEVATION_MAP_CACHE_PREFIX + ml->id() ) );
      job.img->setDevicePixelRatio( static_cast<qreal>( mSettings.devicePixelRatio() ) );
      job.renderer = nullptr;
      job.context()->setPainter( nullptr );
      mLayersRedrawnFromCache.append( ml->id() );
      continue;
    }
 
    QElapsedTimer layerTime;
    layerTime.start();
    job.renderer = ml->createMapRenderer( *( job.context() ) );
    if ( job.renderer )
    {
      job.renderer->setLayerRenderingTimeHint( job.estimatedRenderingTime );
      job.context()->setFeedback( job.renderer->feedback() );
 
      if ( job.renderer->flags().testFlag( Qgis::MapLayerRendererFlag::AffectsLabeling ) )
      {
        mAdditionalLabelLayers.append( ml );
      }
    }
 
    // If we are drawing with an alternative blending mode then we need to render to a separate image
    // before compositing this on the map. This effectively flattens the layer and prevents
    // blending occurring between objects on the layer
    if ( canUseCache || ( !painter && !deferredPainterSet ) || ( job.renderer && job.renderer->forceRasterRender() ) )
    {
      // Flattened image for drawing when a blending mode is set
      job.context()->setPainter( allocateImageAndPainter( ml->id(), job.img, job.context() ) );
      if ( ! job.img )
      {
        delete job.renderer;
        job.renderer = nullptr;
        layerJobs.pop_back();
        continue;
      }
    }
 
    if ( shadingRenderer.isActive()
         && ml->elevationProperties()
         && ml->elevationProperties()->hasElevation() )
    {
      job.elevationMap = allocateElevationMap( ml->id() );
      job.context()->setElevationMap( job.elevationMap );
    }
 
    if ( ( job.renderer->flags() & Qgis::MapLayerRendererFlag::RenderPartialOutputs ) && ( mSettings.flags() & Qgis::MapSettingsFlag::RenderPartialOutput ) )
    {
      if ( canUseCache && ( job.renderer->flags() & Qgis::MapLayerRendererFlag::RenderPartialOutputOverPreviousCachedImage ) && mCache->hasAnyCacheImage( job.layerId + QStringLiteral( "_preview" ) ) )
      {
        const QImage cachedImage = mCache->transformedCacheImage( job.layerId + QStringLiteral( "_preview" ), mSettings.mapToPixel() );
        if ( !cachedImage.isNull() )
        {
          job.previewRenderImage = new QImage( cachedImage );
          job.previewRenderImageInitialized = true;
          job.context()->setPreviewRenderPainter( new QPainter( job.previewRenderImage ) );
          job.context()->setPainterFlagsUsingContext( painter );
        }
      }
      if ( !job.previewRenderImage )
      {
        job.context()->setPreviewRenderPainter( allocateImageAndPainter( ml->id(), job.previewRenderImage, job.context() ) );
        job.previewRenderImageInitialized = false;
      }
 
      if ( !job.previewRenderImage )
      {
        delete job.context()->previewRenderPainter();
        job.context()->setPreviewRenderPainter( nullptr );
      }
    }
 
    job.renderingTime = layerTime.elapsed(); // include job preparation time in layer rendering time
  }
 
  return layerJobs;
}
 
std::vector< LayerRenderJob > QgsMapRendererJob::prepareSecondPassJobs( std::vector< LayerRenderJob > &firstPassJobs, LabelRenderJob &labelJob )
{
  std::vector< LayerRenderJob > secondPassJobs;
 
  // We will need to quickly access the associated rendering job of a layer
  QHash<QString, LayerRenderJob *> layerJobMapping;
 
  // ... and layer that contains a mask (and whether there is effects implied or not)
  QMap<QString, bool> maskLayerHasEffects;
  QMap<int, bool> labelHasEffects;
 
  struct MaskSource
  {
    QString layerId;
    QString labelRuleId;
    int labelMaskId;
    bool hasEffects;
    MaskSource( const QString &layerId_, const QString &labelRuleId_, int labelMaskId_, bool hasEffects_ ):
      layerId( layerId_ ), labelRuleId( labelRuleId_ ), labelMaskId( labelMaskId_ ), hasEffects( hasEffects_ ) {}
  };
 
  // We collect for each layer, the set of symbol layers that will be "masked"
  // and the list of source layers that have a mask
  QHash<QString, QPair<QSet<QString>, QList<MaskSource>>> maskedSymbolLayers;
 
  const bool forceVector = mapSettings().testFlag( Qgis::MapSettingsFlag::ForceVectorOutput )
                           && !mapSettings().testFlag( Qgis::MapSettingsFlag::ForceRasterMasks );
 
  // First up, create a mapping of layer id to jobs. We need this to filter out any masking
  // which refers to layers which we aren't rendering as part of this map render
  for ( LayerRenderJob &job : firstPassJobs )
  {
    layerJobMapping[job.layerId] = &job;
  }
 
  // next, collate a master list of masked layers, skipping over any which refer to layers
  // which don't have a corresponding render job
  for ( LayerRenderJob &job : firstPassJobs )
  {
    QgsVectorLayer *vl = qobject_cast<QgsVectorLayer *>( job.layer );
    if ( ! vl )
      continue;
 
    // lambda function to factor code for both label masks and symbol layer masks
    auto collectMasks = [&]( QgsMaskedLayers * masks, QString sourceLayerId, QString ruleId = QString(), int labelMaskId = -1 )
    {
      bool hasEffects = false;
      for ( auto it = masks->begin(); it != masks->end(); ++it )
      {
        auto lit = maskedSymbolLayers.find( it.key() );
        if ( lit == maskedSymbolLayers.end() )
        {
          maskedSymbolLayers[it.key()] = qMakePair( it.value().symbolLayerIds, QList<MaskSource>() << MaskSource( sourceLayerId, ruleId, labelMaskId, it.value().hasEffects ) );
        }
        else
        {
          if ( lit->first != it.value().symbolLayerIds )
          {
            QgsLogger::warning( QStringLiteral( "Layer %1 : Different sets of symbol layers are masked by different sources ! Only one (arbitrary) set will be retained !" ).arg( it.key() ) );
            continue;
          }
          lit->second.push_back( MaskSource( sourceLayerId, ruleId, labelMaskId, hasEffects ) );
        }
        hasEffects |= it.value().hasEffects;
      }
      if ( ! masks->isEmpty() && labelMaskId == -1 )
        maskLayerHasEffects[ sourceLayerId ] = hasEffects;
    };
 
    // collect label masks
    QHash<QString, QgsMaskedLayers> labelMasks = QgsVectorLayerUtils::labelMasks( vl );
    for ( auto it = labelMasks.begin(); it != labelMasks.end(); it++ )
    {
      QString labelRule = it.key();
      // this is a hash of layer id to masks
      QgsMaskedLayers masks = it.value();
 
      // filter out masks to those which we are actually rendering
      QgsMaskedLayers usableMasks;
      for ( auto mit = masks.begin(); mit != masks.end(); mit++ )
      {
        const QString sourceLayerId = mit.key();
        // if we aren't rendering the source layer as part of this render, we can't process this mask
        if ( !layerJobMapping.contains( sourceLayerId ) )
          continue;
        else
          usableMasks.insert( sourceLayerId, mit.value() );
      }
 
      if ( usableMasks.empty() )
        continue;
 
      // group layers by QSet<QgsSymbolLayerReference>
      QSet<QgsSymbolLayerReference> slRefs;
      bool hasEffects = false;
      for ( auto mit = usableMasks.begin(); mit != usableMasks.end(); mit++ )
      {
        const QString sourceLayerId = mit.key();
        // if we aren't rendering the source layer as part of this render, we can't process this mask
        if ( !layerJobMapping.contains( sourceLayerId ) )
          continue;
 
        for ( const QString &symbolLayerId : mit.value().symbolLayerIds )
          slRefs.insert( QgsSymbolLayerReference( sourceLayerId, symbolLayerId ) );
 
        hasEffects |= mit.value().hasEffects;
      }
      // generate a new mask id for this set
      int labelMaskId = labelJob.maskIdProvider.insertLabelLayer( vl->id(), it.key(), slRefs );
      labelHasEffects[ labelMaskId ] = hasEffects;
 
      // now collect masks
      collectMasks( &usableMasks, vl->id(), labelRule, labelMaskId );
    }
 
    // collect symbol layer masks
    QgsMaskedLayers symbolLayerMasks = QgsVectorLayerUtils::symbolLayerMasks( vl );
    collectMasks( &symbolLayerMasks, vl->id() );
  }
 
  if ( maskedSymbolLayers.isEmpty() )
    return secondPassJobs;
 
  // Prepare label mask images
  for ( int maskId = 0; maskId < labelJob.maskIdProvider.size(); maskId++ )
  {
    QPaintDevice *maskPaintDevice = nullptr;
    QPainter *maskPainter = nullptr;
    if ( forceVector && !labelHasEffects[ maskId ] )
    {
      // set a painter to get all masking instruction in order to later clip masked symbol layer
      std::unique_ptr< QgsGeometryPaintDevice > geomPaintDevice = std::make_unique< QgsGeometryPaintDevice >( true );
      geomPaintDevice->setStrokedPathSegments( 4 );
      geomPaintDevice->setSimplificationTolerance( labelJob.context.maskSettings().simplifyTolerance() );
      maskPaintDevice = geomPaintDevice.release();
      maskPainter = new QPainter( maskPaintDevice );
    }
    else
    {
      // Note: we only need an alpha channel here, rather than a full RGBA image
      QImage *maskImage = nullptr;
      maskPainter = allocateImageAndPainter( QStringLiteral( "label mask" ), maskImage, &labelJob.context );
      maskImage->fill( 0 );
      maskPaintDevice = maskImage;
    }
 
    labelJob.context.setMaskPainter( maskPainter, maskId );
    labelJob.maskPainters.push_back( std::unique_ptr<QPainter>( maskPainter ) );
    labelJob.maskPaintDevices.push_back( std::unique_ptr<QPaintDevice>( maskPaintDevice ) );
  }
  labelJob.context.setMaskIdProvider( &labelJob.maskIdProvider );
 
  // Prepare second pass jobs
  // - For raster rendering or vector rendering if effects are involved
  // 1st pass, 2nd pass and mask are rendered in QImage and composed in composeSecondPass
  // - For vector rendering if no effects are involved
  // 1st pass is rendered in QImage, clip paths are generated according to mask and used during
  // masked symbol layer rendering during second pass, which is rendered in QPicture, second
  // pass job picture
 
  // Allocate an image for labels
  if ( !labelJob.img && !forceVector )
  {
    labelJob.img = allocateImage( QStringLiteral( "labels" ) );
  }
  else if ( !labelJob.picture && forceVector )
  {
    labelJob.picture.reset( new QPicture() );
  }
 
  // first we initialize painter and mask painter for all jobs
  for ( LayerRenderJob &job : firstPassJobs )
  {
    job.maskRequiresLayerRasterization = false;
 
    auto it = maskedSymbolLayers.find( job.layerId );
    if ( it != maskedSymbolLayers.end() )
    {
      const QList<MaskSource> &sourceList = it->second;
      for ( const MaskSource &source : sourceList )
      {
        job.maskRequiresLayerRasterization |= source.hasEffects;
      }
    }
 
    // update first pass job painter and device if needed
    const bool isRasterRendering = !forceVector || job.maskRequiresLayerRasterization || ( job.renderer && job.renderer->forceRasterRender() );
    if ( isRasterRendering && !job.img )
    {
      job.context()->setPainter( allocateImageAndPainter( job.layerId, job.img, job.context() ) );
    }
    else if ( !isRasterRendering && !job.picture )
    {
      PictureAndPainter pictureAndPainter = allocatePictureAndPainter( job.context() );
      job.picture = std::move( pictureAndPainter.first );
      if ( job.context()->painter()->hasClipping() )
      {
        // need to copy clipping paths from original painter, so that e.g. the layout map bounds clipping path is respected
        pictureAndPainter.second->setClipping( true );
        pictureAndPainter.second->setClipPath( job.context()->painter()->clipPath() );
      }
      job.context()->setPainter( pictureAndPainter.second );
      // force recreation of layer renderer so it initialize correctly the renderer
      // especially the RasterLayerRender that need logicalDpiX from painting device
      job.renderer = job.layer->createMapRenderer( *( job.context() ) );
    }
 
    // for layer that mask, generate mask in first pass job
    if ( maskLayerHasEffects.contains( job.layerId ) )
    {
      QPaintDevice *maskPaintDevice = nullptr;
      QPainter *maskPainter = nullptr;
      if ( forceVector && !maskLayerHasEffects[ job.layerId ] )
      {
        // set a painter to get all masking instruction in order to later clip masked symbol layer
        std::unique_ptr< QgsGeometryPaintDevice > geomPaintDevice = std::make_unique< QgsGeometryPaintDevice >( );
        geomPaintDevice->setStrokedPathSegments( 4 );
        geomPaintDevice->setSimplificationTolerance( job.context()->maskSettings().simplifyTolerance() );
        maskPaintDevice = geomPaintDevice.release();
        maskPainter = new QPainter( maskPaintDevice );
      }
      else
      {
        // Note: we only need an alpha channel here, rather than a full RGBA image
        QImage *maskImage = nullptr;
        maskPainter = allocateImageAndPainter( job.layerId, maskImage, job.context() );
        maskImage->fill( 0 );
        maskPaintDevice = maskImage;
      }
 
      job.context()->setMaskPainter( maskPainter );
      job.maskPainter.reset( maskPainter );
      job.maskPaintDevice.reset( maskPaintDevice );
    }
  }
 
  for ( LayerRenderJob &job : firstPassJobs )
  {
    QgsMapLayer *ml = job.layer;
 
    auto it = maskedSymbolLayers.find( job.layerId );
    if ( it == maskedSymbolLayers.end() )
      continue;
 
    QList<MaskSource> &sourceList = it->second;
    const QSet<QString> symbolList = it->first;
 
    secondPassJobs.emplace_back( LayerRenderJob() );
    LayerRenderJob &job2 = secondPassJobs.back();
 
    job2.maskRequiresLayerRasterization = job.maskRequiresLayerRasterization;
 
    // Points to the masking jobs. This will be needed during the second pass composition.
    for ( MaskSource &source : sourceList )
    {
      if ( source.labelMaskId != -1 )
        job2.maskJobs.push_back( qMakePair( nullptr, source.labelMaskId ) );
      else
        job2.maskJobs.push_back( qMakePair( layerJobMapping[source.layerId], -1 ) );
    }
 
    // copy the context from the initial job
    job2.setContext( std::make_unique< QgsRenderContext >( *job.context() ) );
    // also assign layer to match initial job
    job2.layer = job.layer;
    job2.renderAboveLabels = job.renderAboveLabels;
    job2.layerId = job.layerId;
 
    // associate first pass job with second pass job
    job2.firstPassJob = &job;
 
    if ( !forceVector || job2.maskRequiresLayerRasterization )
    {
      job2.context()->setPainter( allocateImageAndPainter( job.layerId, job2.img, job2.context() ) );
    }
    else
    {
      PictureAndPainter pictureAndPainter = allocatePictureAndPainter( job2.context() );
      if ( job.context()->painter()->hasClipping() )
      {
        // need to copy clipping paths from original painter, so that e.g. the layout map bounds clipping path is respected
        pictureAndPainter.second->setClipping( true );
        pictureAndPainter.second->setClipPath( job.context()->painter()->clipPath() );
      }
      job2.picture = std::move( pictureAndPainter.first );
      job2.context()->setPainter( pictureAndPainter.second );
    }
 
    if ( ! job2.img && ! job2.picture )
    {
      secondPassJobs.pop_back();
      continue;
    }
 
    // FIXME: another possibility here, to avoid allocating a new map renderer and reuse the one from
    // the first pass job, would be to be able to call QgsMapLayerRenderer::render() with a QgsRenderContext.
    QgsVectorLayerRenderer *mapRenderer = static_cast<QgsVectorLayerRenderer *>( ml->createMapRenderer( *job2.context() ) );
    job2.renderer = mapRenderer;
    if ( job2.renderer )
    {
      job2.context()->setFeedback( job2.renderer->feedback() );
    }
 
    // Render only the non masked symbol layer and we will compose 2nd pass with mask and first pass rendering in composeSecondPass
    // If vector output is enabled, disabled symbol layers would be actually rendered and masked with clipping path set in QgsMapRendererJob::initSecondPassJobs
    job2.context()->setDisabledSymbolLayersV2( symbolList );
  }
 
  return secondPassJobs;
}
 
QList<QPointer<QgsMapLayer> > QgsMapRendererJob::participatingLabelLayers( QgsLabelingEngine *engine )
{
  QList<QPointer<QgsMapLayer> > res = _qgis_listRawToQPointer( engine->participatingLayers() );
 
  for ( auto it : std::as_const( mAdditionalLabelLayers ) )
  {
    if ( !res.contains( it ) )
      res.append( it );
  }
 
  return res;
}
 
void QgsMapRendererJob::initSecondPassJobs( std::vector< LayerRenderJob > &secondPassJobs, LabelRenderJob &labelJob ) const
{
  if ( !mapSettings().testFlag( Qgis::MapSettingsFlag::ForceVectorOutput ) || mapSettings().testFlag( Qgis::MapSettingsFlag::ForceRasterMasks ) )
    return;
 
  for ( LayerRenderJob &job : secondPassJobs )
  {
    if ( job.maskRequiresLayerRasterization )
      continue;
 
    // we draw disabled symbol layer but me mask them with clipping path produced during first pass job
    // Resulting 2nd pass job picture will be the final rendering
 
    for ( const QPair<LayerRenderJob *, int> &p : std::as_const( job.maskJobs ) )
    {
      QPainter *maskPainter = p.first ? p.first->maskPainter.get() : labelJob.maskPainters[p.second].get();
 
      const QSet<QString> layers = job.context()->disabledSymbolLayersV2();
      if ( QgsGeometryPaintDevice *geometryDevice = dynamic_cast<QgsGeometryPaintDevice *>( maskPainter->device() ) )
      {
        QgsGeometry geometry( geometryDevice->geometry().clone() );
 
#if GEOS_VERSION_MAJOR==3 && GEOS_VERSION_MINOR<10
        // structure would be better, but too old GEOS
        geometry = geometry.makeValid( Qgis::MakeValidMethod::Linework );
#else
        geometry = geometry.makeValid( Qgis::MakeValidMethod::Structure );
#endif
 
        for ( const QString &symbolLayerId : layers )
        {
          job.context()->addSymbolLayerClipGeometry( symbolLayerId, geometry );
        }
      }
    }
 
    job.context()->setDisabledSymbolLayersV2( QSet<QString>() );
  }
}
 
LabelRenderJob QgsMapRendererJob::prepareLabelingJob( QPainter *painter, QgsLabelingEngine *labelingEngine2, bool canUseLabelCache )
{
  LabelRenderJob job;
  job.context = QgsRenderContext::fromMapSettings( mSettings );
  job.context.setPainter( painter );
  job.context.setLabelingEngine( labelingEngine2 );
  job.context.setFeedback( mLabelingEngineFeedback );
  if ( labelingEngine2 )
    job.context.labelingEngine()->prepare( job.context );
 
  QgsRectangle r1 = mSettings.visibleExtent();
  r1.grow( mSettings.extentBuffer() );
  job.context.setExtent( r1 );
 
  job.context.setFeatureFilterProvider( mFeatureFilterProvider );
  QgsCoordinateTransform ct;
  ct.setDestinationCrs( mSettings.destinationCrs() );
  job.context.setCoordinateTransform( ct );
 
  // no cache, no image allocation
  if ( mSettings.testFlag( Qgis::MapSettingsFlag::ForceVectorOutput ) )
    return job;
 
  // if we can use the cache, let's do it and avoid rendering!
  bool hasCache = canUseLabelCache && mCache && mCache->hasCacheImage( LABEL_CACHE_ID );
  if ( hasCache )
  {
    job.cached = true;
    job.complete = true;
    job.img = new QImage( mCache->cacheImage( LABEL_CACHE_ID ) );
    Q_ASSERT( job.img->devicePixelRatio() == mSettings.devicePixelRatio() );
    job.context.setPainter( nullptr );
  }
  else
  {
    if ( canUseLabelCache && ( mCache || !painter ) )
    {
      job.img = allocateImage( QStringLiteral( "labels" ) );
    }
  }
 
  return job;
}
 
 
void QgsMapRendererJob::cleanupJobs( std::vector<LayerRenderJob> &jobs )
{
  for ( LayerRenderJob &job : jobs )
  {
    if ( job.img )
    {
      delete job.context()->painter();
      job.context()->setPainter( nullptr );
 
      if ( mCache && !job.cached && job.completed && job.layer )
      {
        QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "caching image for %1" ).arg( job.layerId ), 2 );
        mCache->setCacheImageWithParameters( job.layerId, *job.img, mSettings.visibleExtent(), mSettings.mapToPixel(), QList< QgsMapLayer * >() << job.layer );
        mCache->setCacheImageWithParameters( job.layerId + QStringLiteral( "_preview" ), *job.img, mSettings.visibleExtent(), mSettings.mapToPixel(), QList< QgsMapLayer * >() << job.layer );
      }
 
      delete job.img;
      job.img = nullptr;
    }
 
    if ( job.previewRenderImage )
    {
      delete job.context()->previewRenderPainter();
      job.context()->setPreviewRenderPainter( nullptr );
      delete job.previewRenderImage;
      job.previewRenderImage = nullptr;
    }
 
    if ( job.elevationMap )
    {
      job.context()->setElevationMap( nullptr );
      if ( mCache && !job.cached && job.completed && job.layer )
      {
        QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "caching elevation map for %1" ).arg( job.layerId ), 2 );
        mCache->setCacheImageWithParameters(
          ELEVATION_MAP_CACHE_PREFIX + job.layerId,
          job.elevationMap->rawElevationImage(),
          mSettings.visibleExtent(),
          mSettings.mapToPixel(),
          QList< QgsMapLayer * >() << job.layer );
        mCache->setCacheImageWithParameters(
          ELEVATION_MAP_CACHE_PREFIX + job.layerId + QStringLiteral( "_preview" ),
          job.elevationMap->rawElevationImage(),
          mSettings.visibleExtent(),
          mSettings.mapToPixel(),
          QList< QgsMapLayer * >() << job.layer );
      }
 
      delete job.elevationMap;
      job.elevationMap = nullptr;
    }
 
    if ( job.picture )
    {
      delete job.context()->painter();
      job.context()->setPainter( nullptr );
      job.picture.reset( nullptr );
    }
 
    if ( job.renderer )
    {
      const QStringList errors = job.renderer->errors();
      for ( const QString &message : errors )
        mErrors.append( Error( job.renderer->layerId(), message ) );
 
      mRenderedItemResults->appendResults( job.renderer->takeRenderedItemDetails(), *job.context() );
 
      delete job.renderer;
      job.renderer = nullptr;
    }
 
    if ( job.layer )
      mPerLayerRenderingTime.insert( job.layer, job.renderingTime );
 
    job.maskPainter.reset( nullptr );
    job.maskPaintDevice.reset( nullptr );
  }
 
  jobs.clear();
}
 
void QgsMapRendererJob::cleanupSecondPassJobs( std::vector< LayerRenderJob > &jobs )
{
  for ( LayerRenderJob &job : jobs )
  {
    if ( job.img )
    {
      delete job.context()->painter();
      job.context()->setPainter( nullptr );
 
      delete job.img;
      job.img = nullptr;
    }
 
    if ( job.previewRenderImage )
    {
      delete job.context()->previewRenderPainter();
      job.context()->setPreviewRenderPainter( nullptr );
      delete job.previewRenderImage;
      job.previewRenderImage = nullptr;
    }
 
    if ( job.picture )
    {
      delete job.context()->painter();
      job.context()->setPainter( nullptr );
    }
 
    if ( job.renderer )
    {
      delete job.renderer;
      job.renderer = nullptr;
    }
 
    if ( job.layer )
      mPerLayerRenderingTime.insert( job.layer, job.renderingTime );
  }
 
  jobs.clear();
}
 
void QgsMapRendererJob::cleanupLabelJob( LabelRenderJob &job )
{
  if ( job.img )
  {
    if ( mCache && !job.cached && !job.context.renderingStopped() )
    {
      QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "caching label result image" ), 2 );
      mCache->setCacheImageWithParameters( LABEL_CACHE_ID, *job.img, mSettings.visibleExtent(), mSettings.mapToPixel(), _qgis_listQPointerToRaw( job.participatingLayers ) );
      mCache->setCacheImageWithParameters( LABEL_PREVIEW_CACHE_ID, *job.img, mSettings.visibleExtent(), mSettings.mapToPixel(), _qgis_listQPointerToRaw( job.participatingLayers ) );
    }
 
    delete job.img;
    job.img = nullptr;
  }
 
  job.picture.reset( nullptr );
  job.maskPainters.clear();
  job.maskPaintDevices.clear();
}
 
 
#define DEBUG_RENDERING 0
 
QImage QgsMapRendererJob::composeImage( const QgsMapSettings &settings,
                                        const std::vector<LayerRenderJob> &jobs,
                                        const LabelRenderJob &labelJob,
                                        const QgsMapRendererCache *cache
                                      )
{
  QImage image( settings.deviceOutputSize(), settings.outputImageFormat() );
  image.setDevicePixelRatio( settings.devicePixelRatio() );
  image.setDotsPerMeterX( static_cast<int>( settings.outputDpi() * 39.37 ) );
  image.setDotsPerMeterY( static_cast<int>( settings.outputDpi() * 39.37 ) );
  image.fill( settings.backgroundColor().rgba() );
 
  const QgsElevationShadingRenderer mapShadingRenderer = settings.elevationShadingRenderer();
  std::unique_ptr<QgsElevationMap> mainElevationMap;
  if ( mapShadingRenderer.isActive() )
    mainElevationMap.reset( new QgsElevationMap( settings.deviceOutputSize(), settings.devicePixelRatio() ) );
 
  QPainter painter( &image );
 
#if DEBUG_RENDERING
  int i = 0;
#endif
  for ( const LayerRenderJob &job : jobs )
  {
    if ( job.renderAboveLabels )
      continue; // skip layer for now, it will be rendered after labels
 
    QImage img = layerImageToBeComposed( settings, job, cache );
    if ( img.isNull() )
      continue; // image is not prepared and not even in cache
 
    painter.setCompositionMode( job.blendMode );
    painter.setOpacity( job.opacity );
 
    if ( mainElevationMap )
    {
      QgsElevationMap layerElevationMap = layerElevationToBeComposed( settings, job, cache );
      if ( layerElevationMap.isValid() )
        mainElevationMap->combine( layerElevationMap, mapShadingRenderer.combinedElevationMethod() );
    }
 
 
#if DEBUG_RENDERING
    img.save( QString( "/tmp/final_%1.png" ).arg( i ) );
    i++;
#endif
 
    painter.drawImage( 0, 0, img );
  }
 
  if ( mapShadingRenderer.isActive() &&  mainElevationMap )
  {
    mapShadingRenderer.renderShading( *mainElevationMap.get(), image, QgsRenderContext::fromMapSettings( settings ) );
  }
 
  // IMPORTANT - don't draw labelJob img before the label job is complete,
  // as the image is uninitialized and full of garbage before the label job
  // commences
  if ( labelJob.img && labelJob.complete )
  {
    painter.setCompositionMode( QPainter::CompositionMode_SourceOver );
    painter.setOpacity( 1.0 );
    painter.drawImage( 0, 0, *labelJob.img );
  }
  // when checking for a label cache image, we only look for those which would be drawn between 30% and 300% of the
  // original size. We don't want to draw massive pixelated labels on top of everything else, and we also don't need
  // to draw tiny unreadable labels... better to draw nothing in this case and wait till the updated label results are ready!
  else if ( cache && cache->hasAnyCacheImage( LABEL_PREVIEW_CACHE_ID, 0.3, 3 ) )
  {
    const QImage labelCacheImage = cache->transformedCacheImage( LABEL_PREVIEW_CACHE_ID, settings.mapToPixel() );
    painter.setCompositionMode( QPainter::CompositionMode_SourceOver );
    painter.setOpacity( 1.0 );
    painter.drawImage( 0, 0, labelCacheImage );
  }
 
  // render any layers with the renderAboveLabels flag now
  for ( const LayerRenderJob &job : jobs )
  {
    if ( !job.renderAboveLabels )
      continue;
 
    QImage img = layerImageToBeComposed( settings, job, cache );
    if ( img.isNull() )
      continue; // image is not prepared and not even in cache
 
    painter.setCompositionMode( job.blendMode );
    painter.setOpacity( job.opacity );
 
    painter.drawImage( 0, 0, img );
  }
 
  painter.end();
#if DEBUG_RENDERING
  image.save( "/tmp/final.png" );
#endif
  return image;
}
 
QImage QgsMapRendererJob::layerImageToBeComposed(
  const QgsMapSettings &settings,
  const LayerRenderJob &job,
  const QgsMapRendererCache *cache
)
{
  if ( job.imageCanBeComposed() )
  {
    if ( job.previewRenderImage && !job.completed )
      return *job.previewRenderImage;
 
    Q_ASSERT( job.img );
    return *job.img;
  }
  else
  {
    if ( cache && cache->hasAnyCacheImage( job.layerId + QStringLiteral( "_preview" ) ) )
    {
      return cache->transformedCacheImage( job.layerId + QStringLiteral( "_preview" ), settings.mapToPixel() );
    }
    else
      return QImage();
  }
}
 
QgsElevationMap QgsMapRendererJob::layerElevationToBeComposed( const QgsMapSettings &settings, const LayerRenderJob &job, const QgsMapRendererCache *cache )
{
  if ( job.imageCanBeComposed() && job.elevationMap )
  {
    return *job.elevationMap;
  }
  else
  {
    if ( cache && cache->hasAnyCacheImage( ELEVATION_MAP_CACHE_PREFIX + job.layerId + QStringLiteral( "_preview" ) ) )
      return QgsElevationMap( cache->transformedCacheImage( ELEVATION_MAP_CACHE_PREFIX + job.layerId + QStringLiteral( "_preview" ), settings.mapToPixel() ) );
    else
      return QgsElevationMap();
  }
}
 
void QgsMapRendererJob::composeSecondPass( std::vector<LayerRenderJob> &secondPassJobs, LabelRenderJob &labelJob, bool forceVector )
{
  // compose the second pass with the mask
  for ( LayerRenderJob &job : secondPassJobs )
  {
    const bool isRasterRendering = !forceVector || job.maskRequiresLayerRasterization;
 
    // Merge all mask images into the first one if we have more than one mask image
    if ( isRasterRendering && job.maskJobs.size() > 1 )
    {
      QPainter *maskPainter = nullptr;
      for ( QPair<LayerRenderJob *, int> p : job.maskJobs )
      {
        QImage *maskImage = static_cast<QImage *>( p.first ? p.first->maskPaintDevice.get() : labelJob.maskPaintDevices[p.second].get() );
        if ( !maskPainter )
        {
          maskPainter = p.first ? p.first->maskPainter.get() : labelJob.maskPainters[ p.second ].get();
        }
        else
        {
          maskPainter->drawImage( 0, 0, *maskImage );
        }
      }
    }
 
    if ( ! job.maskJobs.isEmpty() )
    {
      // All have been merged into the first
      QPair<LayerRenderJob *, int> p = *job.maskJobs.begin();
      if ( isRasterRendering )
      {
        QImage *maskImage = static_cast<QImage *>( p.first ? p.first->maskPaintDevice.get() : labelJob.maskPaintDevices[p.second].get() );
 
        // Only retain parts of the second rendering that are "inside" the mask image
        QPainter *painter = job.context()->painter();
 
        painter->setCompositionMode( QPainter::CompositionMode_DestinationIn );
 
        //Create an "alpha binarized" image of the maskImage to :
        //* Eliminate antialiasing artifact
        //* Avoid applying mask opacity to elements under the mask but not masked
        QImage maskBinAlpha = maskImage->createMaskFromColor( 0 );
        QVector<QRgb> mswTable;
        mswTable.push_back( qRgba( 0, 0, 0, 255 ) );
        mswTable.push_back( qRgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 ) );
        maskBinAlpha.setColorTable( mswTable );
        painter->drawImage( 0, 0, maskBinAlpha );
 
        // Modify the first pass' image ...
        {
          QPainter tempPainter;
 
          // reuse the first pass painter, if available
          QPainter *painter1 = job.firstPassJob->context()->painter();
          if ( ! painter1 )
          {
            tempPainter.begin( job.firstPassJob->img );
            painter1 = &tempPainter;
          }
 
          // ... first retain parts that are "outside" the mask image
          painter1->setCompositionMode( QPainter::CompositionMode_DestinationOut );
          painter1->drawImage( 0, 0, *maskImage );
 
          // ... and overpaint the second pass' image on it
          painter1->setCompositionMode( QPainter::CompositionMode_DestinationOver );
          painter1->drawImage( 0, 0, *job.img );
        }
      }
      else
      {
        job.firstPassJob->picture = std::move( job.picture );
        job.picture = nullptr;
      }
    }
  }
}
 
void QgsMapRendererJob::logRenderingTime( const std::vector< LayerRenderJob > &jobs, const std::vector< LayerRenderJob > &secondPassJobs, const LabelRenderJob &labelJob )
{
  if ( !settingsLogCanvasRefreshEvent->value() )
    return;
 
  QMultiMap<int, QString> elapsed;
  for ( const LayerRenderJob &job : jobs )
    elapsed.insert( job.renderingTime, job.layerId );
  for ( const LayerRenderJob &job : secondPassJobs )
    elapsed.insert( job.renderingTime, job.layerId + QString( " (second pass)" ) );
 
  elapsed.insert( labelJob.renderingTime, tr( "Labeling" ) );
 
  QList<int> tt( elapsed.uniqueKeys() );
  std::sort( tt.begin(), tt.end(), std::greater<int>() );
  for ( int t : std::as_const( tt ) )
  {
    QgsMessageLog::logMessage( tr( "%1 ms: %2" ).arg( t ).arg( QStringList( elapsed.values( t ) ).join( QLatin1String( ", " ) ) ), tr( "Rendering" ) );
  }
  QgsMessageLog::logMessage( QStringLiteral( "---" ), tr( "Rendering" ) );
}
 
void QgsMapRendererJob::drawLabeling( QgsRenderContext &renderContext, QgsLabelingEngine *labelingEngine2, QPainter *painter )
{
  QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "Draw labeling start" ), 5 );
 
  std::unique_ptr< QgsScopedRuntimeProfile > labelingProfile;
  if ( renderContext.flags() & Qgis::RenderContextFlag::RecordProfile )
  {
    labelingProfile = std::make_unique< QgsScopedRuntimeProfile >( QObject::tr( "(labeling)" ), QStringLiteral( "rendering" ) );
  }
 
  QElapsedTimer t;
  t.start();
 
  // Reset the composition mode before rendering the labels
  painter->setCompositionMode( QPainter::CompositionMode_SourceOver );
 
  renderContext.setPainter( painter );
 
  if ( labelingEngine2 )
  {
    labelingEngine2->run( renderContext );
  }
 
  QgsDebugMsgLevel( QStringLiteral( "Draw labeling took (seconds): %1" ).arg( t.elapsed() / 1000. ), 2 );
}
 
void QgsMapRendererJob::drawLabeling( const QgsMapSettings &settings, QgsRenderContext &renderContext, QgsLabelingEngine *labelingEngine2, QPainter *painter )
{
  Q_UNUSED( settings )
 
  drawLabeling( renderContext, labelingEngine2, painter );
}